The rapid advancement of modern science and technology has led to the continuous evolution of CNC machining equipment, significantly boosting the progress of cutting techniques. As production demands grow more sophisticated and automation becomes increasingly prevalent, the materials used in tool manufacturing have undergone notable changes. Today, tools crafted from innovative materials like titanium alloys, carbon fiber composites, and ultra-high-temperature resistant metals are emerging, dramatically enhancing tool quality while improving critical factors such as reliability, precision, and lifespan.
1. Types of Tool Wear: During mechanical operations, tools inevitably experience wear over time. Key forms of wear include:
- Mechanical wear, such as abrasion or chipping.
- Thermal-induced wear caused by adhesion and diffusion due to high cutting temperatures.
- Chemical erosion resulting from reactions between tool coatings and the workpiece material.
Let’s examine the causes of each type:
(1) Mechanical Wear: Cutting challenging materials often leads to accelerated tool wear since these materials typically have poor thermal conductivity. This results in reduced adhesive strength at elevated temperatures, speeding up wear.
(2) High-Temperature Wear: When cutting tough, hard materials, the cutting edge overheats, causing wear. Short chip workpieces can lead to crescent-shaped wear, drastically reducing tool life.
(3) Chemical Erosion: Specific chemical reactions between tool components and workpiece materials can strip away coatings or transform them into different substances, hastening tool deterioration.
2. Performance Requirements of Tools:
(1) Wear Resistance: Different cutting tools vary widely in composition, ranging from basic steel to advanced diamond tools. These differences can be vast.
(2) Impact Resistance: A top-tier tool must possess excellent impact toughness and thermal hardness, especially in high-speed applications.
(3) Longevity: Enhancing tool life involves adding heat-resistant, high-hardness coatings or multiple layers to extend cutting ranges.
3. Common Tool Materials:
(1) Alloy Tool Steel: Known for high-temperature hardness, it’s ideal for making complex low-speed tools like reamers and taps.
(2) High-Speed Steel: Offers superior hardness, wear resistance, and heat treatment capabilities, making it suitable for standard machine tools such as turning and milling tools.
(3) Cemented Carbide: An alloy created using carbides, titanium carbide, and cobalt through powder metallurgy. Cemented carbide is now among the most popular tool materials.
In conclusion, advancements in CNC machining continue to push the boundaries of tool innovation, ensuring greater efficiency and precision in industrial applications. Reprinted from Global CNC Tool Network.
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