Recently, Munich University of Technology in Munich has created a number of new nanodevices: a robot that can move arms, a book that can be opened and closed, a gearwheel that can be switched on and off, and an actuator - perhaps these are already very Attractive, but not the point. What is important is that these devices represent a scientific breakthrough - using DNA as a programmable building material for the manufacture of nanoscale structures and machines. The above-mentioned results published by the researchers in the journal "Science" reveal a new DNA connection method.
The scientists envisioned programming to allow self-assembling of shape-complementary DNA parts into nanomachines.
The reconstituted and modular 3D DNA components have complementary shapes that can be easily snapped together rather than pulling together the base pairs like zippers. This will not only create dynamic nanomachines, but also provide a toolkit that will make it easier for researchers to program their own assembly.
Next-generation DNA folding
According to Hendrik Dytz, a professor at the Technical University of Munich, this area is often called "DNA folding," and is rapidly moving toward practical applications. A few days ago, because of the research in this field, Deitz won Germany's most important research award, the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize.
In recent years, Dietz and his team have taken important steps in the application of DNA folding, such as the development of experimental devices, including an artificial membrane channel made of DNA, and the discovery of self-assembly that can greatly save time. The program shortens the entire assembly process from one week to several hours; it proves that extremely complex structures can also be assembled according to design, with sub-nanometer precision.
However, all previous advances have used "base pairing" to determine how each strand in the solution binds to the DNA combination. The most curious thing in the new study is "glue."
"Once you make an assembly unit with a base pair, it's very hard to break it," explains Dietz. "So the methods used for dynamic structures are usually structurally simple." To make the DNA move Nanomachines are more pervasive and have broader potential uses. The team borrowed two techniques from the natural biomolecule toolbox: the shape complementarity of proteins and their tendency to form relatively weak bonds, the former can simplify the intermolecular Docking, the latter can disconnect when not needed.
Bionics increase flexibility
Researchers have also gained inspiration from a natural mechanism: letting nucleic acid molecules “bond†together with weaker bonds than base pairs. In nature, when RNA-based enzymes RNase P "recognize" transfer RNAs, using their complementary shapes can form such weak bonds, the molecules are guided close enough, just as the spacecraft docks with the space station.
The new technology of the Days laboratory imitates this method. To create power DNA nanomachines, they began programming, allowing 3D modules with complementary structures to self-assemble, and then activating a short-range bonding mechanism called "nuclear stacking" to snap these unit modules together in space. . They have 3 different ways to control the shape and function of these DNA modules. Daitz said: "These are what gives us graded forces, the ability to accurately position as required, and the stable areas that the modules recognize and match with each other."
The Diaz group created a series of DNA devices: From micron-sized filaments to moving nanomachines, the potential applications of this technology are shown.
The team also received an electron micrograph of a three-dimensional nano humanoid robot to confirm that the modules on its body were precisely combined by design. In addition, they also demonstrated a simple control method that can change the positive ion concentration of the solution - this allows the DNA module to switch between different configurations: assembling or disassembling, such as leaving the robot's "arm" off, or Stay on it.
Another method is simply to increase or decrease the temperature, and also allows DNA nanodevices to "switch" between different structural states, and this method has proven to be very effective. For early DNA devices, the DNA base pairs needed to be separated and reconnected, and the system would be "fatigued" with only a few rounds of switching by dilution and unilateral reactions. The group paper also described a scissor-like actuator that underwent more than 1,000 temperature-switching cycles in four days without signs of decay.
Dates added: "The temperature cycle is a way to introduce energy into the system, so combining reversible shape changes with a sustainable process can not only make nanomachines, but also provide them with energy."
Similar children play building blocks
It is worth mentioning that, on the one hand, the flexibility of DNA devices can be achieved by simply adding shape-compensated parts. The key technology is the weak bond and DNA nanotechnology kit. The researchers pointed out that using only "base pairing" to write self-assembling programs is like writing computer code in machine language. They hope that the new method will make DNA folding easier when facing the use of terminals, just as the emergence of advanced computer programming languages ​​has stimulated the progress of software engineering.
Deitz compares the workman to the children playing LEGO bricks. He said: "You only need to design the composite parts to be complementary, and you don't need to fiddle with the sequence of base pairs to connect parts."
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