Piglets must be weaned during growth. Currently, piglets are usually weaned in order to increase the sow's reproductive rate and the number of litters per year. However, early weaning is a great stress for piglets, which makes piglets prone to indigestion and diarrhea, slow growth and development, and can cause serious death, which brings great harm to the pig industry.
1 acidifier
The acidifier is mainly a feed additive developed for the deficiency of gastric acid secretion in early weaned piglets. It has been used for more than 30 years. The role of the acidulant includes 1 to lower the pH of the gastrointestinal tract and increase digestive enzyme activity. Hou Shuisheng et al. (1998) analyzed that the pH level of gastric contents was stable within a suitable range to maintain normal digestive physiology. High pH significantly inhibits activation of pepsinogen and pepsin activity. Hou Yongqing et al (1996) found that the addition of citric acid and phosphoric acid to the feed can increase the activity of trypsin and amylase in the small intestine. Phosphoric acid can significantly increase the activity of pepsin. As the digestive enzyme activity increases, the digestibility of nutrients increases accordingly. 2 bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect. Mathew et al. (1991) pointed out that within 2 days after weaning, the lactic acid bacteria in the ileum decreased to almost zero, and the pH in the ileum increased, which caused Escherichia coli to multiply. E. coli was the main pathogen causing diarrhea in piglets, and acidifier reduced the pH. , inhibit the growth of E. coli. 3 regulate the balance of gastrointestinal microflora. Chen Zhongfa et al. (2000) showed that different levels of acidifier were added to the diet of 28-day-old weaned piglets, and the diarrhea rate of piglets was lower than that of the control group by 28.58 and 19.05%, respectively. Roch reports that the addition of citric acid to the diet of weaned piglets can lower the pH of the gastrointestinal tract and reduce or even kill all gastrointestinal pathogens. Sun Longsheng et al (1999) added citric acid to the diet of weaned piglets. The results showed that the diarrhea rate of the three groups of piglets was the lowest in the 1.5% citric acid group, only 12%, while the control group and the 1% citric acid group were as high as 32% and 24%. (Yang Ling et al., 2001; Huang Guoqing, 1999; Yu Sijian, 2000; Ma Qijun, 2000 also got similar results). Liu Guilin et al (2000) believe that the addition of fumarate to the diet of weaned piglets can also reduce the incidence of diarrhea in piglets, which is similar to the results of Shao Lian et al. (2001). White (1969) fed a diet supplemented with lactic acid after weaning. The results showed that lactic acid significantly reduced the pH of pig stomach juice, and acidified diet significantly reduced piglet diarrhea rate. Thomlinson (1981) further confirmed this result. Shao Lianhua et al. (2001) added 1.5% lactic acid to the diet of early weaned piglets, and the diarrhea rate decreased by 33.34%. Eckel et al. (1992) pointed out that the addition of formic acid from 0.6% to 1.2% is most effective and can reduce the diarrhea rate of piglets. Kirgesesner (1987) and the like also obtained similar results. Tian Yunbo et al (1999) reported that the incidence of diarrhea was greatly reduced after the addition of boswellic acid to piglets. Li Shaodong et al (1999) added 1.3% to 1.5% calcium formate to the diet of early weaned piglets, which reduced the incidence of diarrhea in piglets by 25%-30%.
2 Probiotics
Probiotics, also known as microecological preparations, are microbial feed additives that can be fed directly to animals. Some microbial feeds that are beneficial to the health of animals are fed to animals, and competitive pathogens are inhibited in the digestive tract to inhibit pathogens and maintain intestinal tract. The balance of the microflora helps the animal to establish a gut microflora that is beneficial to the host, improve the immunity of the animal's body, maintain the normal flora in the intestine, and promote the growth and reproduction of beneficial bacteria. It inhibits the growth and reproduction of harmful bacteria, and it also produces organic acids in the intestines, reducing intestinal state and redox potential, thereby reducing the incidence of diarrhea. Shi Shouxin et al. (1994) fed the piglets with live and dead bacteria of Lactobacillus acidophilus, and the results showed that the bacteria had the effect of preventing diarrhea in piglets. Shi Baoming et al (2000) showed that the addition of 0.15% probiotics in the diet reduced the diarrhea rate of piglets from 0-4 weeks by 4.82% (P<0.05), and the diarrhea rate of piglets at 5-8 weeks decreased by 4.9% ( P < 0.05). Zhao Jingyang et al (2001) reported the addition of probiotics to piglet diets, and the diarrhea index of the experimental group was 64.4% lower than that of the control group. Chen Yongfeng et al (2001) fed probiotics (3 mL/head) in the experimental group at birth and weaning. The results showed that under the same feeding and management conditions, the diarrhea rate of the experimental group was reduced by 20.71%. Li Daqing et al (2001) divided the test piglets into 3 groups, the control group, the test group 1 and the test 2 groups added 0, 0.5 and 1% probiotics respectively. The results showed that the diarrhea rate of the test group 1 and the test group 2 decreased by 5.5%. . Zhai Zepeng et al. (2002) added 0.4% probiotics to piglet diets, resulting in a 6.7% reduction in diarrhea rates in piglets.
3 enzyme preparation
Enzyme preparations are biologically active preparations produced using modern bioengineering techniques. Studies have shown that digestive enzyme activity in the gastrointestinal tract of lactating piglets increases with age, but early weaning of piglets has an inhibitory effect on the growth of most digestive enzymes. Therefore, enzyme preparations can be added to the diet of weaned piglets to promote the gastrointestinal tract. Digestive absorption capacity. Tao Yong et al (1997) reported that in the diet of early weaned piglets, the enzyme was added in 0.1%, and the diarrhea in piglets was significantly reduced. Xu et al. (1999) studied the effects of xylanase β-glucanase and cellulase complex enzyme preparation on digestive function of 56-day-old piglets. The diarrhea rate of piglets in the experimental group was reduced by 72.03% (P<0.01). ). Wu Tianxing et al (2000) showed that the addition of 100 000 U acid protease and calcium formate to the piglet diet reduced the diarrhea rate of piglets by 88.8%. Wang Dongyan et al (2000) found that adding enzyme preparation can improve the growth performance of piglets, improve feed conversion efficiency and reduce diarrhea rate to some extent. Chen Zhongfa et al. (2000) added 0.1% enzyme preparation to the diet of weaned piglets, and the piglet diarrhea rate decreased by 14.29%. Li Tongxun et al. (1996) showed that the addition of complex enzyme preparations to the corn-cake-type diet of 35-day-old weaned piglets can significantly reduce the incidence of diarrhea. Yang Xuefeng et al (2002) reported that 0.1% enzyme preparation was added to the diet of weaned pigs. Compared with the control group, the frequency of diarrhea decreased by 28.06% (P<0.05).
4 protein
The source and level of protein in piglet diets directly affect piglet diarrhea. Weaned piglets have good adaptability to animal protein (fishmeal, blood meal), but have poor adaptability to plant proteins. The digestive tract and its enzyme system in early weaned piglets are not yet fully developed (Pekas, 1991), and secretion of digestive tract proteins is not required until 5-6 weeks of age (Corring et al., 1978). Ampson, (1996) and Kelly (1990) have shown that soy protein is associated with intestinal damage and diarrhea in piglets. The need for protein in piglets is essentially the need for amino acids, which can prevent piglet diarrhea by regulating the level of amino acids in the diet. Liu Tao et al (1999) added 1% glutamine to the diet of weaned piglets. The results showed that the frequency of diarrhea in piglets could be significantly reduced (P<0.01). Dong Guozhong et al. (1995) reported that low protein amino acid balanced diets can significantly reduce post-weaning diarrhea and improve piglet performance. Zhang Xiaoqiang et al (2002) found that low protein amino acid balanced diet can significantly reduce post-weaning diarrhea and increase the growth rate of piglets. The content of the first limiting amino acid-lysine in the diet is 1.65% to 1.80%. good. The effects of different protein and lysine levels in the diet on the morphology of the small intestine have been reported in earlier studies and indicate that this is associated with post-weaning diarrhea in piglets (Hou et al., 1998). Crude protein levels in piglet diets affect the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea (Daielsen, 1984; Prohaszka and Bron, 1980). Hou Shuiqing et al (1999) found that when the protein level in the diet was high (20%), the diarrhea rate of piglets increased. Dong Guozhong et al. (1996) showed that balancing dietary amino acids reduced crude protein levels to reduce protein spoilage in the colon and post-weaning diarrhea in piglets. Lu Jianxiong et al. (2001) also obtained similar results.
5 Zinc
Zinc promotes the rapid regeneration of tongue mucosal taste bud cells, enhances appetite, inhibits some harmful bacteria in the intestine, and prolongs the residence time of food in the digestive tract. Therefore, the addition of high zinc in the diet of weaned piglets has a significant effect on preventing diarrhea in piglets. Kansas State University (1992) in the United States tested the addition of high zinc to piglet diets and added 3 100 mg/kg zinc oxide per kilogram of feed to completely control diarrheal disease. Ning Kangjian et al (1995) added 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3% zinc sulphate to the basal diet to prepare three high-zinc diets. The results showed that the diarrhea rate of piglets was significantly reduced. Danish scientists have found through experiments that adding a certain amount of zinc oxide to the feed can reduce diarrhea in weaned piglets. The amount of zinc oxide added to the feed was 1 000-2 500 mg/kg. After feeding the zinc-containing feed to the weaned piglets for 2 weeks, the number of piglets and the degree of diarrhea in the diarrhea piglets decreased significantly. Studies have shown that adding 2000mg of zinc per kilogram of diet, high zinc has a significant effect on improving the performance of weaned piglets and reducing diarrhea, while the application of high zinc and acidifier diet has a synergistic effect on preventing diarrhea in weaned piglets. Zhang Xiaoqiang et al (2002) reported that high-zinc diets can promote appetite and reduce diarrhea in piglets. Gluhovic (1995) added 3000 mg/kg zinc oxide to the diet and fed 42 10 kg weaned pigs for 37 days. The test group was found to have no diarrhea, while the control group had a diarrhea rate of 25% and a mortality rate of 8%. Homll (1989) added 2400 mg/kg zinc (zinc oxide) to daily diet to significantly reduce diarrhea in piglets: Zhou Wenyin et al. (1996) added 2000 mg/kg zinc to the diet of weaned piglets. The experimental group was compared with the control group. The incidence of diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 66.7 %. Wu Yong et al (1999) believe that the addition of high doses of zinc to the daily use of weaned piglets can significantly reduce the diarrhea of ​​piglets, and Zheng Jiamao et al. (2002) also obtained similar results. Zhang Heliang et al (2000) found that high zinc (2000 mg / kg) reduced the diarrhea rate of weaned piglets by 70.56%. Chen Yanzhen et al (2001) reported the addition of 2 000, 2500, 3000 and 3500 mg/kg zinc oxide to piglet diets. The frequency of piglet diarrhea decreased by 22.3, 37.2, 33.53 and 51.5%, respectively. (2002) The results are consistent. Wang Minqi et al (2003) found that zinc oxide and zinc sulfate reduced the number of E. coli in feces by 50.38% (P<0.01) and 48.50% (P<0.01), and the frequency of diarrhea decreased by 96.88% (P<0.01). And 68.75 (P <0.01).
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