At present, laser welding technology has almost been involved in various industrial fields. In the aerospace industry, especially in the manufacture of weaponry and spacecraft structures, laser welding methods can significantly reduce costs, increase production efficiency, and reduce the weight of weapons and aircraft, becoming an effective complement to traditional welding techniques and showing some unique Advantage.
Laser welding features
As a material processing heat source, the outstanding advantages of the laser beam are unmatched by ordinary light sources. Compared to conventional welding methods, laser welding has the following characteristics:
(1) The beam has a high energy density, a small solder joint, and no inertness of the beam, so the heating and cooling speed is extremely fast, and the heat-affected zone and the thermal deformation are extremely small, thereby avoiding thermal damage. Suitable for welding thermal, elastic and high precision parts.
(2) The optical path can be changed by a mirror (prism) or an optical fiber, and the accessibility is good, and it can be welded to any part of the workpiece which is difficult to access by other welding methods, and can be welded through the transparent body.
(3) The workpiece is not exposed to contact force during welding; the insulating material can be welded without electrodes; the ferromagnetic material is not magnetized after welding.
(4) It has a molten pool purification effect and can purify the weld metal. During soldering, the metal of the solder joint melts and partially vaporizes due to the action of the laser. Since the impurities absorb light energy with high efficiency, the impurities are first vaporized and ejected, thereby reducing the content of impurities in the weld.
(5) It is easy to perform composite heat source welding with other heat sources such as arc or electric resistance.
In addition, laser welding has the advantages of low fixture cost, high controllability, and easy automation. Laser welding does not have the danger of generating X-rays like electron beam welding, and is not affected by electromagnetic fields. In some areas, it can replace vacuum electron beam welding of high energy beams. With the emergence of new materials and new structures in aerospace, the application of laser welding will become more and more important.
Application of laser welding in aerospace products
The mass production of weapons and aerospace vehicles and the continuous improvement of product technical specifications have placed higher demands on product structure performance, production process and processing efficiency. The excellent performance of laser welding technology in the field of high quality and efficient processing makes this welding technology one of the effective technological methods to solve some technical problems.
1 pulsed laser spot welding of thermosensitive material pressure ring
The heat-sensitive material of the valve core is fastened with a 0.5mm wide pressure ring, and after spot welding, spot welding is required, and the penetration depth is required to be greater than 1mm. Resistance spot welding is impossible to achieve a 1 mm penetration depth in such a narrow range, and the electron beam welding has a thermal inertia in the starting and closing flow, and the welding process has an influence on the heat sensitive material. When pulsed laser spot welding is used, the beam is inert and has a large aspect ratio, which satisfies the requirements.
2 anti-cracking filler spot welding on ferromagnetic materials
The combustion chamber wall must be filled with a crack-resistant alloy before electron beam welding to effectively prevent the occurrence of weld cracks. There is no magnetic interference during the electron beam welding process. If the material to be welded is a ferromagnetic material, when the resistance spot welding is used to form a cracking alloy, the welding torch forms a current loop with the workpiece, so that the material to be welded has a strong magnetic field and seriously interferes with electron beam welding. . Laser spot welding is non-contact and electrodeless, the solder joints are pure and the quality is high. Therefore, laser spot welding is beneficial for subsequent electron beam welding.
3 titanium alloy flight rudder wing laser welding
The flying rudder wing is a typical lightweight, high-rigidity T-joint complex-type titanium alloy structure. It is generally composed of a rudder core and a skin. It is mainly made of titanium alloy material, and the outer surface is a space curved surface. The connection strength is required to be high, and the shape after welding is regular. For flight rudder wing welding, the key is the precise control of the weld pool protection and weld trajectory (including weld seam weld alignment and weld sequence control), so it has flexible, energy-intensive and easy-to-control laser welding. It is the preferred process. The rudder wing welding process is computerized to achieve precise adjustment of the welding trajectory and the attitude of the laser welding torch, and to achieve coordinated motion control of the welding process and local protection technology to ensure the welding quality.
4 fuel tank ribs laser welding generation riveting
The connection between the rocket aluminum alloy fuel tank ribs and the cover plate is mainly riveted, resulting in an increase in the weight of the structural members, and the riveted parts are easily corroded and the workload is large. If the laser welding method is used for connection, the joint strength and weld quality are high, the welding process energy is concentrated and easy to accurately control, and the distortion after welding is small. The use of laser welding technology to replace the traditional riveting can change the structural design, greatly reduce the weight of the components, and also improve joint strength, corrosion resistance and production efficiency, and reduce manufacturing costs.
Conclusion
Laser welding technology is a system engineering integrating laser technology, welding technology, automation technology, material technology, mechanical manufacturing technology and product design. The application process needs to combine mechanism research, welding process, structural design and equipment manufacturing. Play the overall function. With the development of aerospace manufacturing, laser welding, with its high energy density, deep penetration, high precision and strong adaptability, has fully utilized advanced, fast and flexible processing features in the production of aerospace products, making the product weight obvious. Lightening, the quality of welding is significantly improved. In the 21st century, laser welding technology will play an increasingly important role in the field of aerospace material connection.
Laser welding features
As a material processing heat source, the outstanding advantages of the laser beam are unmatched by ordinary light sources. Compared to conventional welding methods, laser welding has the following characteristics:
(1) The beam has a high energy density, a small solder joint, and no inertness of the beam, so the heating and cooling speed is extremely fast, and the heat-affected zone and the thermal deformation are extremely small, thereby avoiding thermal damage. Suitable for welding thermal, elastic and high precision parts.
(2) The optical path can be changed by a mirror (prism) or an optical fiber, and the accessibility is good, and it can be welded to any part of the workpiece which is difficult to access by other welding methods, and can be welded through the transparent body.
(3) The workpiece is not exposed to contact force during welding; the insulating material can be welded without electrodes; the ferromagnetic material is not magnetized after welding.
(4) It has a molten pool purification effect and can purify the weld metal. During soldering, the metal of the solder joint melts and partially vaporizes due to the action of the laser. Since the impurities absorb light energy with high efficiency, the impurities are first vaporized and ejected, thereby reducing the content of impurities in the weld.
(5) It is easy to perform composite heat source welding with other heat sources such as arc or electric resistance.
In addition, laser welding has the advantages of low fixture cost, high controllability, and easy automation. Laser welding does not have the danger of generating X-rays like electron beam welding, and is not affected by electromagnetic fields. In some areas, it can replace vacuum electron beam welding of high energy beams. With the emergence of new materials and new structures in aerospace, the application of laser welding will become more and more important.
Application of laser welding in aerospace products
The mass production of weapons and aerospace vehicles and the continuous improvement of product technical specifications have placed higher demands on product structure performance, production process and processing efficiency. The excellent performance of laser welding technology in the field of high quality and efficient processing makes this welding technology one of the effective technological methods to solve some technical problems.
1 pulsed laser spot welding of thermosensitive material pressure ring
The heat-sensitive material of the valve core is fastened with a 0.5mm wide pressure ring, and after spot welding, spot welding is required, and the penetration depth is required to be greater than 1mm. Resistance spot welding is impossible to achieve a 1 mm penetration depth in such a narrow range, and the electron beam welding has a thermal inertia in the starting and closing flow, and the welding process has an influence on the heat sensitive material. When pulsed laser spot welding is used, the beam is inert and has a large aspect ratio, which satisfies the requirements.
2 anti-cracking filler spot welding on ferromagnetic materials
The combustion chamber wall must be filled with a crack-resistant alloy before electron beam welding to effectively prevent the occurrence of weld cracks. There is no magnetic interference during the electron beam welding process. If the material to be welded is a ferromagnetic material, when the resistance spot welding is used to form a cracking alloy, the welding torch forms a current loop with the workpiece, so that the material to be welded has a strong magnetic field and seriously interferes with electron beam welding. . Laser spot welding is non-contact and electrodeless, the solder joints are pure and the quality is high. Therefore, laser spot welding is beneficial for subsequent electron beam welding.
3 titanium alloy flight rudder wing laser welding
The flying rudder wing is a typical lightweight, high-rigidity T-joint complex-type titanium alloy structure. It is generally composed of a rudder core and a skin. It is mainly made of titanium alloy material, and the outer surface is a space curved surface. The connection strength is required to be high, and the shape after welding is regular. For flight rudder wing welding, the key is the precise control of the weld pool protection and weld trajectory (including weld seam weld alignment and weld sequence control), so it has flexible, energy-intensive and easy-to-control laser welding. It is the preferred process. The rudder wing welding process is computerized to achieve precise adjustment of the welding trajectory and the attitude of the laser welding torch, and to achieve coordinated motion control of the welding process and local protection technology to ensure the welding quality.
4 fuel tank ribs laser welding generation riveting
The connection between the rocket aluminum alloy fuel tank ribs and the cover plate is mainly riveted, resulting in an increase in the weight of the structural members, and the riveted parts are easily corroded and the workload is large. If the laser welding method is used for connection, the joint strength and weld quality are high, the welding process energy is concentrated and easy to accurately control, and the distortion after welding is small. The use of laser welding technology to replace the traditional riveting can change the structural design, greatly reduce the weight of the components, and also improve joint strength, corrosion resistance and production efficiency, and reduce manufacturing costs.
Conclusion
Laser welding technology is a system engineering integrating laser technology, welding technology, automation technology, material technology, mechanical manufacturing technology and product design. The application process needs to combine mechanism research, welding process, structural design and equipment manufacturing. Play the overall function. With the development of aerospace manufacturing, laser welding, with its high energy density, deep penetration, high precision and strong adaptability, has fully utilized advanced, fast and flexible processing features in the production of aerospace products, making the product weight obvious. Lightening, the quality of welding is significantly improved. In the 21st century, laser welding technology will play an increasingly important role in the field of aerospace material connection.
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