In addition to general quality inspection and control, there are some special quality inspections and controls for the heat treatment of fasteners. The following four points are mastered to complete the heat treatment of high quality fasteners.
Decarburization and carburization
In the mass production process of heat treatment, the metallographic method is also good, and the microhardness method is also good. It can only be timed sampling. Because of its long inspection time, the cost is high.
In order to judge the carbon control of the furnace in time, the determination of decarburization and carburization can be made by spark detection and Rockwell hardness test. Spark detection is to quench the over-fired parts. On the grinder, gently grind the sparks from the surface and the inside to determine whether the carbon content of the surface layer and the core are consistent. Of course, this requires the operator to have skilled skills and spark discrimination.
Rockwell hardness testing is performed on one side of a hex bolt. First, a hexagonal plane of the quenched part is lightly polished with a sandpaper to measure the first Rockwell hardness. Then, the surface is ground to about 0.5 mm on the grinder, and then the Rockwell hardness is measured. If the hardness values ​​of the two are basically the same, it means neither decarburization nor carburization. When the previous hardness is lower than the subsequent hardness, the surface decarburization is indicated. When the previous hardness is higher than the latter time, the surface carburization is indicated. Under normal circumstances, when the hardness difference between the two is less than 5HRC, when the metallographic method or the microhardness method is used, the decarburization or carburization of the part is basically within the acceptable range.
2. Hardness and strength
In the detection of threaded fasteners, it is not possible to simply refer to the manual for the hardness value and fold it into the strength value. There is a hardenability factor in between. Because the national standard GB3098.1 and the national standard GB3098.3 specify the arbitration hardness is measured at 1/2 radius of the cross section of the part. The tensile test specimen is also taken from the 1/2 radius. Because it is not excluded that the central portion of the part has a low hardness and a low strength portion.
In general, the hardenability of the material is good, and the hardness of the cross section of the screw can be evenly distributed. As long as the hardness is acceptable, the strength and guaranteed stress can also meet the requirements. However, when the hardenability of the material is poor, although the hardness is acceptable according to the inspection of the specified portion, the strength and the guaranteed stress often fail to meet the requirements. Especially when the surface hardness tends to the lower limit.
In order to control the strength and the guaranteed stress within the acceptable range, the lower limit of the hardness is often increased. For example, the hardness control range of 8.8 grades is 26~31HRC for M16 and below, 28~34HRC for M16 and above, and 36~39HRC for 10.9. Level 10.9 or above is another matter.
3. Re-tempering test
Bolts, screws and studs of class 8.8~12.9 shall be tempered according to the minimum tempering temperature in actual production and kept at 10 °C for 30 min. On the same sample, the difference between the average values ​​of the three points before and after the test shall not exceed 20 HV.
The tempering test can check the incorrect operation due to insufficient quenching hardness and too low temperature tempering to barely reach the specified hardness range, and ensure the comprehensive mechanical properties of the parts. In particular, threaded fasteners made of low-carbon martensitic steel use low-temperature tempering. Although other mechanical properties can be achieved, the residual elongation fluctuates greatly when measured to ensure stress, much larger than 12.5 um. And sudden breakage can occur under certain conditions of use. In some automotive and construction bolts, sudden breakage has occurred. This can be reduced by tempering with a minimum tempering temperature. However, special caution should be taken when manufacturing 10.9 bolts from low carbon martensitic steel.
4. Hydrogen embrittlement inspection
The sensitivity of hydrogen embrittlement increases as the strength of the fastener increases. For the externally threaded fasteners of 10.9 and above or the surface hardened self-tapping screws and the combination screws with hardened steel washers, the hydrogen removal treatment shall be carried out.
The hydrogen removal treatment is generally carried out in an oven or a tempering furnace at a temperature of 190 to 230 ° C for more than 4 hours to diffuse hydrogen.
Threaded fasteners can be tightened by tightening on a special clamp to maintain the screw under a relatively constant stress, for 48 hours. After the loosening, the threaded fasteners will not break. This method is used as a method of checking for hydrogen embrittlement.
15-25mm Calcium Carbide: Physical and chemical properties: ores are solid brown or black block, pure white crystals (including CaC2 higher purple). Density of 2.22 g / cubic centimeter, the melting point of 2300 ° C (with CaC2 content), water immediately intense reaction to generate acetylene, and release heat, Calcium Carbide content varies with the melting point also will change.
Impurities: Caustic soda often contain calcium arsenide (Ca3As2), calcium phosphide (Ca3P2) and other impurities, and the role of water at the same time release arsine (AsH3), phosphine (PH3) and other toxic gases, so the use of Acetylene generated by calcium carbide is toxic.
Crystal structure
The most common crystal form of CaC2 is tetragonal, stable between 298K and 720K. Quartet CaC2 similar to the crystal structure of NaCl, but due to [: C≡C:] 2- ion oval, oriented, the crystal is tetragonal. In CaC2 crystal, the C-C distance is 120pm, which corresponds to the bond length of carbon-carbon triple bond, the distance between Ca and C is 259 and 282pm.
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