Chemical control is the primary method for managing pests and diseases in fruit trees, but combining it with agricultural, physical, biological, and manual practices can significantly enhance its effectiveness. This integrated approach not only improves pest management efficiency but also reduces the cost of control measures and minimizes environmental pollution from **pesticides**. These strategies are essential for promoting a sustainable, resource-efficient, and eco-friendly rural development.
1. **Mulch Covering**: Applying mulch in early spring helps reduce damage caused by pests like spider mites and peach twig borers.
2. **Insect Netting**: Using insect nets can prevent pests, as well as protect against rain, hail, and strong winds. However, due to higher costs, this method is mainly used in greenhouse or protected fruit cultivation.
3. **Orchard Sanitation**: Removing damaged fruits, branches, and leaves during the growing season helps reduce the next generation of pests. In autumn and winter, pruning and clearing weeds and debris around the orchard can eliminate many overwintering pests.
4. **Manual Removal**: During the growing season, manually removing caterpillar eggs, cutting off yellow thorn moth larvae, and scraping gypsy moth eggs from trunks can be effective. For severe scale infestations, brushing off larvae and oocysts from branches is recommended.
5. **Shaking and Killing**: Some pests, such as beetles and leaf beetles, have a pseudo-death behavior. Shaking trees during the growing season and collecting them for disposal can help manage these pests.
6. **Fruit Bagging**: Covering fruits with bags prevents damage from pests like fruit flies and mites.
7. **Winter Bark Scraping**: Scraping bark in winter can significantly reduce populations of pests like jujube armyworms and red spider mites. The process involves carefully removing the outer layer of bark without damaging the green tissue beneath. Collected bark should be burned or buried deeply.
8. **Trunk Whitewashing**: Applying a whitewash to tree trunks in winter protects against sunscald and frost while eliminating overwintering pests and pathogens. A common mix includes 10 parts lime, 2 parts sulfur, 1-2 parts salt, 2 parts clay, and 35-40 parts water.
9. **Soil Cultivation**: Deep plowing during winter helps kill overwintering pests and pathogens in the soil, reducing their population before the next growing season.
10. **Pheromone Traps**: Using pheromones to lure pests into traps is an effective method for controlling species like the peach fruit moth and apple leaf curling moth.
11. **Bait Wood Traps**: Setting up cut wood pieces in the orchard can attract pests that lay eggs on fresh cuts, making it easier to target and destroy them.
12. **Light Traps**: Many fruit tree pests are attracted to light. Using black lights, high-pressure mercury lamps, or vibration traps can effectively capture pests like the gypsy moth and fruit borer.
13. **Yellow Sticky Traps**: Yellow sticky boards are useful for trapping aphids and whiteflies. They should be coated with a viscous oil and replaced regularly for optimal performance.
14. **Sex Pheromone Traps**: These traps use synthetic pheromones to attract and capture male pests, disrupting their mating cycles and reducing infestation levels. This technique is widely used for pests such as the peach fruit moth and apple leaf curling moth.
By integrating these methods, farmers can achieve more sustainable and environmentally friendly pest management, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides while maintaining healthy and productive fruit crops.
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