Sodium bicarbonate
In general, the feed is added in a ratio of 0.1% to 0.2%, which can increase the feed absorption rate, especially for aged livestock and poultry. When using it, it should be noted that when the electrolyte in the body is not balanced, a smaller dose should be used, because sodium bicarbonate is an alkaline substance, which can neutralize gastric acid and raise the pH of gastric acid.
1 Mechanism of action
The addition of sodium bicarbonate to the feed can supplement the poultry's loss of carbonate in the blood caused by hot wheezing (exhaled co2), thereby improving the body's calcium metabolism.
Sodium bicarbonate can liberate co2 in the digestive tract, thereby taking away a lot of heat, which is beneficial to maintain the body's heat balance during hot weather.
The addition of sodium bicarbonate to the feed can increase the mobility of phosphorus in the egg poultry. In order to form a good eggshell, it is necessary to maintain a suitable phosphorus concentration in the blood, and sodium bicarbonate can maintain the blood phosphorus concentration of the egg poultry at an optimum level necessary for forming an eggshell.
2 Add amount
Laying hens: Adding an appropriate amount of sodium bicarbonate to the diet of the laying hens in summer can increase the egg production rate and eggshell strength. Zhou Ming (1996) studied the proper ratio of chloride to bicarbonate in laying hens in high temperature season. In the high temperature season, the addition of 0.2% sodium chloride (the total amount of dietary chloride is 0.35%) and 0.2% sodium bicarbonate (the total amount of dietary bicarbonate is 0.38%) can significantly improve the chicken. Egg production rate, eggshell quality and feed conversion ratio (P<0.01). A suitable ratio of chloride to bicarbonate in the diet of the laying hen is 35:38.
Egg Duck: Wu Lingqian (1998) reported that 0.4% sodium bicarbonate was added to the egg duck diet during the summer season, while the salt consumption was reduced from 0.3% to 0.15%, and the egg production rate increased by 5.8%. The difference was significant (P
Broiler: Adding sodium bicarbonate from the broiler feed 0.1% to 0.5% has a significant effect on improving the carcass grade and weight gain of broilers. British researchers reported that sodium bicarbonate was used instead of sodium chloride as a source of sodium in broiler feed. The amount of water consumed by the chicken was reduced and the condition of the litter was improved. Japan Yamanashi County Livestock Testing Ground (1990) showed that when the Shewenda was above 28~C, 0.63% sodium bicarbonate was added to the broiler diet of 42-63 days old, and the mortality rate was 4.88%. The mortality rate of the group was 7.85%. Considering the acid-base balance of the chicken body, the addition of sodium bicarbonate can reduce the death caused by heat radiation.
Potassium , ammonium chloride
There is evidence that potassium chloride and ammonium chloride can improve the performance of livestock and poultry, especially broilers. When the broiler diet is in equilibrium, the effect is obvious, but it should be noted that such substances cannot be added too much. .
Ammonium chloride can reduce the blood pH value of poultry during heat stress and reduce the harm caused by respiratory alkalosis. It has a good effect on acute heat stress. Add 300-500 grams per ton of drinking water to chicken, use 5~7 day.
In general, the addition of potassium chloride and 0.05% ammonium chloride in the diet can significantly increase the feed intake under heat stress, relieve heat stress, improve production performance, and increase eggshell thickness. Increase egg production rate.
Potassium chloride and ammonium chloride are commonly used in chicken production.
Potassium supplementation in diet or drinking water: Because of the high potassium content in the feed, it is not necessary to supplement potassium chloride in the diet under normal temperature conditions. However, in the case of heat stress, the potassium content of the laying hen diet must be increased from 0.4% to 0.6% due to hypokalemia. However, potassium supplementation must be based on the level of potassium in the basal diet.
According to reports, potassium supplementation in laying hens can increase egg production rates. Broilers aged 5-8 weeks must consume 1.8-2.3 grams of potassium per day, which is equivalent to adding 0.24% to 0.30% potassium chloride in drinking water to achieve the fastest growth rate of heat-stressed broilers.
It has been reported that the addition of 0.15% potassium chloride in drinking water can significantly increase the weight gain of broilers aged 4-5 weeks, with an increase of about 46%.
Three vitamin c, vitamin E
Vitamins can alleviate the heat stress of poultry and improve the performance of laying hens. Under normal circumstances, mammals and birds are not deficient in vitamin C, but under stress conditions, vitamin C can reduce the effects of some oxidative stress factors to reduce heat stress symptoms and improve the body's immunity. Vitamin E is also an effective antioxidant and anti-stress agent. It is generally used in organic form to promote the body's absorption of vitamin E, and is often used together with selenium.
Under normal temperature conditions, chickens can synthesize enough vitamin C for the body to use, but under heat stress, the body's ability to synthesize decreases, while the secretion of corticosteroids increases, which intensifies the deficiency of vitamin C. At this time, the need for vitamin C increases. Generally, 0.02% to 0.44% of vitamin C is added to the feed, which can increase the weight gain of the broiler and increase the feed conversion rate. Vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidation and is associated with immune resistance.
Under heat stress conditions, high levels of vitamin E can reduce the permeability of vitamin C membrane and reduce the release of muscle phosphokinase during stress, thus preventing excessive ca2+ influx and causing interference to normal cell metabolism. Adding 100-250 Iu of vitamin E per kilogram of feed has a certain anti-heat stress effect.
Vitamin C and E in animals in high temperature period can not meet the metabolic needs, need to supplement vitamins c and E. Vitamin C can improve the body's immunity and has been shown to have an effect on improving immunity during heat stress. Vitamin E is also an anti-heat stress agent, and its anti-heat stress mechanism has similarities and differences with vitamin C.
Serum vitamin E levels in laying hens were significantly reduced under heat stress (Sahill K. Erta, 1999). (oelho.M (1996) believes that vitamin E supplementation with turkey can avoid low levels of stress and reduce moderate to high levels of stress, and points out the amount of vitamin E added to the feed in low and high stress. Should reach 44.31Iu / kg, 72.34Iu / kg.
Four betaine
Betaine was first discovered in Europe. It was found mainly in the molasses of beet sugar, so it was named, but its efficacy was not recognized until the 1970s. In recent years, a number of countries in Europe and the United States have carried out extensive research in livestock and poultry production and aquaculture, confirming that betaine is an important methyl donor in animal organisms, involved in the metabolism of amino acids and fats, and promotes growth and improves carcass composition. Improve meat quality and improve the attractability of aquatic bait.
Studies have found that betaine is a highly efficient methyl donor (methvldonor). The well-known important structure of methionine (methionine) is methyl. Methionine is an essential amino acid containing sulfur, and various sulfur compounds in living organisms. Metabolism is closely related. In the absence of methionine, it can cause loss of appetite, slow growth or no increase in body weight, etc. Methionine can use its methyl group to methylate toxic substances or drugs to detoxify.
Betaine is also an osmotic balance substance that is beneficial to the body when the animal body is taxed. For example, lactating sows need a lot of drinking water for milk production. At this time, the body is temporarily dehydrated, and the addition of betaine to the feed helps to mediate the osmotic effect and promote the transfer of water to the lactation mechanism.
In addition, betaine can replace part of methionine to reduce feed cost, protect intestinal nutrient absorption function, improve feed conversion rate in harsh environment F, and synergize with some coccidial drugs to enhance the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs. Mooney et al. of Oklahoma State University in the United States studied the effects of betaine on broilers after being challenged by coccidia during brooding and heat stress. It was found that the feed efficiency of 0-21 days old was significantly improved by the addition of betaine. The age of 14-21 days significantly increased the body weight of broilers and lowered the body temperature, indicating that betaine can improve the ability to resist heat stress.
Huang Zhiyi (2005) believes that betaine can improve the production performance of heat-stressed broilers, and the best effect is to add 0.2% dose to the diet.
Five zeolites, silicates
Zeolites and silicates are natural clays and are good mycotoxin adsorbents. They can also reduce the effects of heat stress in laying hens, but they should be used safely. In addition, it can also be used in monogastric animals, but further confirmation is needed. Although the mechanism of action of zeolites and silicates is still unclear, it is speculated that sodium silicate and zeolite can play a buffering role in the gastrointestinal tract of animal organisms, which can alleviate alkali poisoning caused by gasping caused by heat stress. Alkalosis, thereby achieving the effect of alleviating the adverse effects of heat stress.
Zeolite powder has the functions of adsorption, catalysis, ion exchange, etc., as well as prevention of diarrhea and respiratory diseases. Adding 3% zeolite powder to the broiler feed after 21 days of age can increase the broiler weight by 11.7%. Adding 3% zeolite powder to the laying hen diet can increase the laying rate of laying hens by 10% and save feed.
Zeolites have the following effects: digestion, reduction of fecal odor, mycotoxin adsorbents, and the release of elements that are useful to animals, which can be released in a free state. It has a catalytic effect on some biological enzymes, and enhances the activity of various reactions, thereby promoting the absorption of nutrients by the body. In short, it can increase the utilization of energy, protein, minerals and trace elements.
Six enzyme preparations
Taking carbohydrate hydrolase as an example, in the case of heat stress, it can increase the energy density (specific energy) of the feed and reduce the crude fiber content in the diet, which is often the most heat-generating. In addition, increasing the fat and oil content of the diet can also reduce the heat of the property.
An enzyme is a catalytic substance produced by cells that catalyzes all metabolic processes in plants and animals. It has been reported that the addition of a feed compound enzyme preparation to the feed has a good effect against heat stress. In the hot season, phytase is added to the broiler feed. As the phosphorus utilization rate is increased, the tolerance of the high temperature environment is enhanced, and the growth of the broiler and the laying performance of the laying hen are significantly improved.
In the hot season, it is best to reduce the protein level in the feed and to supplement the essential amino acids to reduce the heat gain during protein utilization to reduce heat stress.
The addition amount of the enzyme preparation and the effect produced are not completely positively correlated linearly. Below a certain amount, the additive effect has a strong dependence on the added amount, and above this addition amount, the additive effect increases as the added amount increases. The magnitude is significantly reduced, and sometimes it is necessary to increase the addition amount by tens of times to double the additive effect. Therefore, the search for the best cost-effective enzyme preparation is an important research work, but the best cost performance varies proportionally to the animal species, diet composition, feed and enzyme preparation costs, and the optimal economic dose of the enzyme preparation is also Will change.
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