According to the periodic table and the physicochemical properties of elements, they can be broadly classified into three main categories: noble gases, non-metals, and metals. Noble gas elements include helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn), making a total of six elements. Non-metallic elements consist of boron (B), carbon (C), silicon (Si), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatine (At), and hydrogen (H), totaling 16 elements. The remaining elements are considered metal elements.
In general, metallic elements are divided into two major groups based on their physical characteristics: ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals primarily include iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn). All other metals that do not fall into this category are referred to as non-ferrous metals. Since iron is the most widely used among ferrous metals, the term "non-ferrous" is often used to describe all other metals besides iron.
Non-ferrous metals can further be categorized into three groups: common metals (such as aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb)), precious metals (including gold (Au), silver (Ag), ruthenium (Ru), and rhodium (Rh)), and rare metals (such as beryllium (Be), scandium (Sc), and zirconium (Zr)). However, this classification is somewhat simplistic. Some elements, such as silicon (Si), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), arsenic (As), and boron (B), exhibit properties between metals and non-metals and are sometimes included in non-ferrous alloys. This reflects the complexity and overlap in the classification of elements based on their behavior and characteristics.
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